Waves & Oscillations — Complete HRK Notes
Master Oscillations, Wave Motion, Sound, Interference & Diffraction with clear theory, solved examples, diagrams and MDCAT/FSc exam tips.
Complete Notes of WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS
Ch. 15: Oscillations • Ch. 19: Wave Motion • Ch. 20: Sound • Ch. 35: Interference of Light Waves • Ch. 46: Diffraction — concise, exam-focused and downloadable.
Chapter 15: Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion (SHM), damped & forced oscillations, energy in SHM, resonance, Q-factor and practical examples with step-by-step solutions.
- SHM equations & derivations
- Damped motion & time constant
- Resonance & resonance curves
Chapter 19: Wave Motion
Types of waves, wave equation, superposition, group & phase velocity, standing waves on strings and pipes and solved problems for exams.
- Wave equation & boundary conditions
- Reflection, transmission & energy transport
- Standing waves & harmonics
Chapter 20: Sound
Sound waves, intensity & level (dB), Doppler effect, speed of sound in different media and acoustics essentials — with MCQs and short-answer drills.
- Sound wave properties & speed
- Doppler effect & applications
- Acoustics & resonance in cavities
Chapter 35: Interference of Light Waves
Principles of interference, Young's double-slit, thin-film interference, coherence & fringe analysis with diagrams and solved numerical examples.
- Young's experiment & fringe spacing
- Thin films & constructive/destructive interference
- Coherence & path difference calculations
Chapter 46: Diffraction
Single-slit & multiple-slit diffraction, resolving power, diffraction gratings and quantitative analysis with stepwise worked examples for board exams.
- Fraunhofer & Fresnel diffraction
- Diffraction gratings & resolving power
- Applications in optics & measurements
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